titanium yog dab tsi?
Hauv kev txiav- ntug teb xws li aerospace, sib sib zog nqus- hiav txwv kev tshawb fawb, thiab kev kho mob cog, ib tug silvery - cov hlau dawb yog nquag pom- nws tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov kub ntawm 3000℃hauv foob pob hluav taws cav, fuse zoo kawg nkaus nrog cov pob txha hauv tib neeg cov pob qij txha, thiab tiv thaiv seawater corrosion nyob rau hauv dej siab siab. Cov khoom no, hailed li "qhov chaw hlau," yog titanium. Los ntawm cov zaub mov tob hauv lub ntiaj teb mus rau siab - cov ntaub ntawv muaj tseeb hauv tib neeg txhais tes, kev tsim cov titanium embodies lub tswv yim ntawm kev lag luam niaj hnub no, thiab nws cov txheej txheem tsim khoom yog suav tias yog "pob zeb diamond" ntawm cov tshuaj metallurgy teb.
Titanium cov ntaub ntawv raw tsis yog ncaj qha los ntawm cov hlau hlau, tab sis yog los ntawm cov zaub mov xws li ilmenite thiab rutile pom nyob rau hauv qhov. Noj ilmenite (FeTiO₃) ua piv txwv, titanium muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm titanium dioxide (TiO₂) hauv cov ore dub no, tab sis cov ntsiab lus impurity siab li 40% lossis ntau dua. Kev lag luam niaj hnub siv hluav taws xob rau hluav taws xob smelting thev naus laus zis los sib tov ilmenite nrog coke thiab kub rau 1600 degree, txo cov hlau oxides rau cov kua hlau. Cov khoom molten uas tseem tshuav yog txias thiab crushed kom tau siab -titanium slag uas muaj ntau tshaj 90% titanium dioxide. Cov titanium no- cov khoom nplua nuj yog tom qab ntawd ua tiav los ntawm cov txheej txheem chlorination: nyob rau hauv lub txaj fluidized chlorination rauv, siab -titanium slag reacts nrog chlorine thiab coke ntawm 1000℃los tsim gaseous titanium tetrachloride (TiCl₄), uas yog tom qab ntawd sau los ntawm 9% purity. Cov txheej txheem no zoo li "cov tshuaj purification khawv koob," stripping titanium los ntawm cov ntxhia nyuaj hauv cov ore.
Tom qab tau txais titanium tetrachloride, qhov kev sib tw tiag tiag pib. Vim tias titanium tuaj yeem ua rau cov pa oxygen, nitrogen, thiab carbon ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, kev lag luam siv txoj kev txo magnesiothermal hauv qhov chaw kaw rau qhov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb: titanium tetrachloride vapor yog nkag mus rau hauv argon - puv stainless hlau reactor, qhov twg nws tau txais cov tshuaj hloov pauv nrog 00du magnesium℃ntawm molten magnesium. spongy titanium thiab magnesium chloride. Qhov no zoo li yooj yim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tiag tiag zais ib qho zais cia - cov magnesium chloride uas ua rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv coats saum npoo ntawm titanium hais, cuam tshuam cov tshuaj tiv thaiv txuas ntxiv. Txhawm rau hais txog qhov no, cov kws tsim khoom tsim "fluidized txaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuab," siv cov roj nplawm kom muaj kev sib cuag txaus ntawm cov reactants, ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo tshaj 90%. Tom qab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, titanium daim txhuam cev yuav tsum tau distilled thiab sib cais nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw nqus tsev ntawm 1000℃kom tau sponge titanium nrog ib tug porosity ntawm 70% thiab purity ntawm 99.7%.
Los ntawm daim txhuam cev titanium mus rau cov ntaub ntawv siv tau, ib qho teeb meem kawg yuav tsum tau kov yeej: smelting. Cov pa oxygen nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv refractory ib txwm ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov nrog cov kua titanium, ua rau cov khoom siv los ua embrittled. Xyoo 1956, cov kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas tau tsim cov dej txias -coj tooj liab crucible hluav taws xob arc rauv: cov dej txias ntws los ntawm cov phab ntsa sab hauv ntawm lub thawv tooj liab kom cov phab ntsa sab nraud ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, thaum lub hauv paus cheeb tsam yog rhuab mus rau 1700℃los ntawm hluav taws xob arc. When the sponge titanium melts, the liquid titanium naturally sinks due to its density difference and solidifies immediately upon contact with the copper wall, forming a pollution-free titanium ingot. Qhov kev ua tiav no hauv "cov phab ntsa txias smelting" thev naus laus zis tau ua rau tib neeg tau txais cov khoom loj -titanium ingots thawj zaug, tso lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov khoom tseem ceeb xws li dav hlau cav hniav thiab sib sib zog nqus- hiav txwv submarine hulls.
Kev lag luam titanium niaj hnub no tau tsim cov saw hlau ua tiav: los ntawm ilmenite beneficiation mus rau siab -titanium slag npaj, los ntawm titanium tetrachloride refining rau daim txhuam cev titanium ntau lawm, thiab thaum kawg mus rau titanium ingots tau los ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev consumable arc melting. Raws li lub ntiaj teb cov neeg tsim khoom loj tshaj plaws titanium, Tuam Tshoj tus sponge titanium ntau lawm mus txog 150,000 tons hauv 2023, suav txog ntau dua 60% ntawm lub ntiaj teb tag nrho. Ntawm Baoji National Titanium Industry Base, 3-meter txoj kab uas hla lub tshuab nqus tsev melting rauv tuaj yeem nrum 60 tons ntawm titanium ingots ib zaug. Siv electron beam txias hearth furnace melting technology, cov impurity cov ntsiab lus ntawm titanium khoom yuav tswj tau qis dua 0.01%, ua tau raws li aerospace-qib qauv. Cov ntaub ntawv titanium no, tom qab forging, dov, thiab cov txheej txheem kos duab, tuaj yeem ua rau hauv cov ntawv tuab ntawm 0.05 hli thiab cov xov hlau nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 0.03 hli, ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau sib txawv los ntawm cov pob qij txha rau cov kav hlau txais xov satellite.
Los ntawm cov pob zeb hauv av tob mus rau cov dav hlau dav hlau ya mus saum ntuj, titanium txoj kev hloov pauv kev taug kev ua tim khawv rau tib neeg txoj kev tshawb fawb txog cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb. Cov hlau no, nrog qhov ntom ntom tsuas yog 45% ntawm cov hlau tab sis qhov sib piv lub zog, tab tom hloov kho thaj tsam ntawm kev lag luam niaj hnub nrog nws qhov tshwj xeeb "lub teeb yuag thiab siab - lub zog" yam ntxwv. Nrog kev ua tiav hauv 3D luam ntawv titanium alloy thev naus laus zis thiab kev txhim kho ntawm titanium-aluminium lightweight alloys, daim ntawv thov teb ntawm titanium cov ntaub ntawv txuas ntxiv nthuav dav. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, qhov "qhov chaw hlau" no tuaj yeem nkag mus rau cov tsev neeg zoo tib yam, ci ntsa iab hauv thaj chaw xws li lub zog tshiab tsheb thiab cov khoom siv ntse ntse, txuas ntxiv rau tshooj lus dab neeg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb.
