Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm metallurgy thiab smelting?
Metallurgy thiab smelting yog ob lub ntsiab lus sib txawv. Txawm hais tias ob qho tib si muaj feem xyuam rau kev ua thiab kho cov ores, tseem muaj qee qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv. Kab lus no yuav qhia txog cov ntsiab lus, keeb kwm, cov hauv paus ntsiab lus, cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb thiab kev siv thaj chaw ntawm metallurgy thiab smelting raws, thiab sib piv qhov sib xws thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv.
1. Metallurgy thiab smelting
Metallurgy yog hais txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev rho tawm cov hlau los yog cov hlau sib txuas los ntawm cov hlau thiab ua rau cov khoom siv hlau uas xav tau. Nws suav nrog cov kev sib txuas ntau lawm xws li hlau mining, ntxhia ua, smelting, casting, ua thiab kho cua sov.
Smelting yog hais txog cov txheej txheem ntawm decarburizing carbon-muaj hlau cov ntaub ntawv xws li npua hlau los yog crude steel los ntawm oxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab ces melting thiab refining kom tau steel cov khoom uas yuav tsum tau cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, metallographic qauv thiab cov khoom. Nws feem ntau suav nrog peb theem: kev npaj, smelting thiab refining.
2. Kev tsim kho
Metallurgy originated nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm thiab muaj keeb kwm ntawm ntau txhiab xyoo. Cov hlau thaum ntxov uas tib neeg siv yog tooj liab. Nrog rau kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis, smelting txoj kev rau hlau, zinc, tin, txhuas thiab lwm yam hlau tau maj mam pom. Los ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog, European metallurgical thev naus laus zis tau tsim sai heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev txhim kho ntawm kev lag luam steel, uas txhawb kev nce qib ntawm metallurgy.
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm smelting technology pib nrog kev tsim cov hlau. Thaum ntxov li xyoo pua thib ob BC, tib neeg pib siv hlau los ua cov cuab yeej thiab riam phom. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab -19th caug xyoo, European lub teb chaws pib siv cov txheej txheem steelmaking niaj hnub. Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov cuab yeej technology, smelting technology txuas ntxiv mus, thiab steelmaking txoj kev kuj tau lug siv.
3. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm metallurgy thiab smelting
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm metallurgy muaj xws li lub cev thiab tshuaj cov ntsiab lus thiab cov ntsiab lus thermodynamic. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub cev chemistry tsuas yog kawm txog cov khoom, cov qauv, theem kev hloov pauv thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov hlau thiab lawv cov tebchaw; cov ntsiab cai ntawm thermodynamics tsuas yog kawm txog cov lus qhia thiab kev txwv ntawm ntau yam tshuaj tiv thaiv, nrog rau lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog kev sib txawv xws li kub thiab siab. Kev siv cov qauv no tuaj yeem pab tib neeg kom nkag siab txog cov khoom ntawm cov hlau thiab lawv cov khoom sib txuas thiab qhia ntau yam kev ua haujlwm hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom.
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm smelting yog oxidize cov pa roj carbon nyob rau hauv npua hlau los yog crude hlau rau hauv carbon dioxide roj los ntawm ib tug kub-kub oxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kom ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm decarbonization. Thaum kub kub, impurities nyob rau hauv molten hlau kuj yuav raug oxidation tshwm sim los tsim ntau yam oxides thiab nkag mus rau hauv slag. Cov oxides no tuaj yeem raug txo kom tsim cov hlau zoo li daim txhuam cev lossis cov hlau uas tuaj yeem ua tiav rau hauv cov khoom siv hlau uas xav tau.
4. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov cuab yeej siv
Cov khoom siv metallurgical tseem ceeb suav nrog cov khoom siv mining, cov khoom siv ua cov ntxhia, cov khoom siv smelting, cov khoom siv casting thiab cov khoom siv kho cua sov. Ntawm lawv, cov khoom siv smelting feem ntau suav nrog hluav taws xob arc rauv, induction furnaces thiab reverberatory furnaces; cov khoom siv casting feem ntau suav nrog ntau lub tshuab casting; Cov khoom siv kho cua sov feem ntau suav nrog ntau lub tshuab cua sov thiab cov khoom siv cua txias.
Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm refining muaj xws li cov khoom npaj, smelting khoom thiab refining khoom. Ntawm lawv, kev npaj cov khoom siv feem ntau suav nrog cov loaders, pushers thiab cranes; smelting khoom mas suav nrog converters thiab moj tej tawg rauv; refining khoom feem ntau suav nrog qhib hearth furnaces, hluav taws xob arc rauv thiab lub tshuab nqus tsev refining.
5. Daim ntawv thov teb ntawm ob qhov sib txawv.
Daim ntawv thov kev lag luam ntawm metallurgy yog dav heev, suav nrog kev tsim thiab ua cov hlau tsis muaj hlau, kev tsim thiab ua cov hlau, kev tsim thiab ua cov hlau tsis tshua muaj, kev lag luam tshuaj thiab lwm yam. Hauv kev tsim thiab ua cov hlau, metallurgical thev naus laus zis txuas ntxiv txhim kho, uas tseem tso siab rau cov kev xav tau siab dua rau kev ua tau zoo thiab cov hlau zoo. Cov khoom siv hlau yog siv rau hauv kev tsim khoom, kev tsim tsheb, kev tsim choj thiab lwm yam kev lag luam
Feem ntau siv hauv kev tsim kho, smelting thiab lwm yam kev lag luam, nws muaj ntau yam kev siv. Kev tsim khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm suav nrog kev lag luam steel, kev tsim khoom, kev tsim tsheb thiab lwm yam haujlwm. Nrog rau kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis thiab kev nthuav dav ntxiv ntawm kev thov hauv daim ntawv thov kev lag luam, smelting thev naus laus zis kuj tseem txhim kho thiab txhim kho, thiab ntau yam tshiab ntawm cov hlau tsis tu ncua tau tsim los ua kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm ntau qhov chaw.
Metallurgy thiab smelting ob qho tib si rho tawm cov hlau los yog hlau sib txuas los ntawm ores tab sis tsis ua rau lawv ua lwm yam kev ua haujlwm. Cov khoom siv nrog cov kev xav tau qub thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm cov ntaub hlau muaj nyob hauv cov txheej txheem. Tib lub sijhawm, lawv daim ntawv thov teb kuj txawv.
Raws li cov ntsiab lus, metallurgy thiab smelting yog ob qho tib si cov txheej txheem ntawm kev rho tawm cov hlau los yog cov hlau sib txuas los ntawm cov hlau thiab ua rau cov khoom siv hlau uas xav tau.
