Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev paub txog titanium hlau

Titanium hlau yog thawj zaug pom nyob rau hauv 1791 los ntawm ib tug British amateur mineralogist hu ua Gregor. Nyob rau hauv 1795, German chemist Klaprus hu ua cov khoom siv hlau tsis paub no tom qab Greek vajtswv Titans. Txhais lus Suav-English yog "titanium". Titanium muaj ntau nyob hauv ntiaj teb. Muaj ntau tshaj 140 lub npe hu ua titanium minerals, tab sis cov ntawv thov kev lag luam tseem ceeb yog ilmenite thiab rutile. Ntawm lawv, Tuam Tshoj lub ilmenite reserves account rau 28% ntawm lub ntiaj teb no reserves, qeb duas nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.

Titanium yog cov khoom tsis muaj tshuaj lom uas tau lees paub thoob ntiaj teb, tab sis nws cov mining thiab cov nqi tsim khoom yog siab thiab kim. Vim tias nws muaj ntau yam kev tsim nyog xws li qhov kub thiab txias tsis kam, muaj zog acid thiab alkali tsis kam, siab zog, thiab qhov ntom ntom, nws tau dhau los ua cov khoom tshwj xeeb rau NASA foob pob hluav taws thiab satellite qauv. Nws kuj tau siv nyob rau hauv kuv lub teb chaws Yutu, J-20, Shandong aircraft carrier thiab lwm yam super tej yaam num. Tom qab nkag mus rau pej xeem kev lag luam hauv xyoo 1980, nws tau los ua "tus huab tais hlau zoo" hauv kev lag luam zaub mov vim nws cov khoom siv tshuaj tua kab mob thiab biophilic.
kuv lub teb chaws txoj kev lag luam titanium pib thaum xyoo 1950. Los ntawm nruab nrab -1960s, kuv lub teb chaws tau tsim titanium daim txhuam cev thiab titanium ua thiab cov chaw tsim khoom hauv Zunyi thiab Baoji raws, uas txhais tau hais tias kuv lub teb chaws tau dhau los ua ib lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam titanium powers. Nkag mus rau lub xyoo pua 21st, kuv lub teb chaws kev lag luam titanium tau nkag mus rau lub sijhawm tshiab ntawm kev txhim kho nrawm, nrog rau cov khoom tsim muaj peev xwm titanium nyob rau saum toj kawg nkaus hauv ntiaj teb.

Ntshiab titanium
Kuj tseem hu ua kev lag luam ntshiab titanium lossis kev lag luam ntshiab titanium, nws tau muab qhab nia raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm impurity ntsiab. Nws muaj cov txheej txheem stamping zoo heev thiab kev ua haujlwm vuam, tsis nkag siab rau kev kho cua sov thiab hom qauv, thiab muaj qee lub zog nyob rau hauv cov khoom zoo siab plasticity. Nws lub zog tsuas yog nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm interstitial ntsiab oxygen thiab nitrogen. Cov khoom ntawm 99.5% kev lag luam ntshiab titanium yog: ceev P=4.5g/cm3, melting point 1800 degree, thermal conductivity λ=15.24W/(MK), tensile zog σb=539 MPa, elongation: δ=25%, cheeb tsam shrinkage Tus nqi ψ=25%, elastic modulus E=1.078 × 105MPa, thiab hardness HB195.
Titanium alloy
Titanium alloy yog ib qho alloy raws li titanium thiab ntxiv nrog rau lwm yam. Nws yog ib tug tseem hluas hlau, tsuas yog rau caum los yog xya caum xyoo txij li thaum nws nrhiav tau. Titanium alloy cov ntaub ntawv muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub teeb yuag, siab zog, tsis tshua muaj elasticity, kub tsis kam thiab corrosion kuj. Lawv tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv aerospace cav, foob pob ua ntxaij, missiles thiab lwm yam khoom. Titanium muaj ob isomorphic crystals. Titanium yog ib qho isomer nrog lub melting point ntawm 1720 degree. Nws muaj ib tug kaw-packed hexagonal lattice qauv hauv qab 882 degree thiab hu ua titanium; nws muaj ib lub cev-centered qauv saum toj no 882 degree. Lub cubic lattice qauv, hu ua beta titanium, yuav siv sij hawm kom zoo dua ntawm cov yam ntxwv sib txawv ntawm saum toj no ob lub qauv ntawm titanium, ntxiv cov ntsiab lus alloying tsim nyog, thiab maj mam hloov nws cov theem hloov kub thiab theem cov ntsiab lus kom tau txais titanium alloys (titanium alloys) nrog cov qauv sib txawv.
Titanium alloy cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg raws li lawv cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm theem kev hloov pauv kub: ① Cov ntsiab lus uas ruaj khov rau theem thiab nce qib kev hloov pauv kub yog cov khoom ruaj khov, xws li txhuas, magnesium, oxygen, nitrogen, thiab lwm yam. Ntawm lawv, aluminium yog lub ntsiab alloying ntawm titanium alloy. Nws muaj qhov pom tseeb los ntawm kev txhim kho qhov qub thiab kub siab zog ntawm cov hlau, txo cov kev sib nqus tshwj xeeb thiab ua kom cov elasticity. ② Cov ntsiab lus uas ruaj khov rau theem thiab txo cov theem hloov pauv kub yog -stabilizing cov ntsiab lus. Nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob hom: isomorphous thiab eutectoid. Cov qub muaj xws li molybdenum, niobium, vanadium, thiab lwm yam .; Cov tom kawg suav nrog chromium, manganese, tooj liab, silicon, thiab lwm yam. ③ Cov ntsiab lus uas tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov hloov pauv kub yog cov ntsiab lus nruab nrab, suav nrog zirconium, tin, thiab lwm yam.

TA1 (American txuj Gr1)
Gr1 titanium yog thawj ntawm plaub qib ntawm kev lag luam ntshiab titanium. Nws yog qhov softest thiab feem ntau malleable ntawm cov qib no. Nws muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws formability, zoo heev corrosion kuj thiab muaj feem cuam tshuam toughness. Qib 1 yog cov khoom xaiv rau txhua daim ntawv thov uas yuav tsum tau yooj yim ntawm kev tsim, thiab feem ntau yog siv los ua titanium phaj thiab titanium raj.
TA2 (American standard Gr2) qib
Qib 2 titanium hu ua "workhorse" ntawm kev lag luam ntshiab titanium kev lag luam vim nws muaj ntau yam thiab muaj ntau yam. Nws muaj ntau yam zoo ib yam li qib 1 titanium, tab sis muaj zog me ntsis. Ob leeg muaj qhov sib npaug ntawm corrosion. Qib no muaj qhov zoo weldability, lub zog, ductility thiab formability. Qhov no ua rau Qib 2 titanium rods thiab daim hlau yog thawj qhov kev xaiv rau ntau daim ntawv thov suav nrog kev tsim kho, tsim hluav taws xob thiab kev kho mob kev lag luam.
TA3 (American standard Gr3) qib
Cov qib no siv yam tsawg kawg yog qib titanium ua lag luam, tab sis qhov ntawd tsis ua rau nws tsis muaj nqis. Gr3 qib muaj zog dua Gr1 thiab Gr2 qib thiab muaj qhov zoo sib xws tab sis tsuas yog me ntsis formability. Tab sis nws muaj ntau dua mechanical zog tshaj nws cov thawj. Qib Gr3 yog siv rau hauv daim ntawv thov uas xav tau lub zog nruab nrab thiab thawj qhov kev tiv thaiv corrosion, xws li aerospace, tshuaj ua haujlwm, kev lag luam marine, thiab lwm yam.
TA4 (American standard Gr4) qib
Qib Gr4 yog suav tias yog qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm plaub hom kev lag luam ntshiab titanium. Nws tseem paub txog nws zoo heev corrosion kuj, zoo formability thiab weldability. Siv nyob rau hauv ib co airframe Cheebtsam, cryogenic hlab ntsha, tshav kub exchangers thiab lwm yam kev siv uas yuav tsum tau muaj kev daws teeb meem.
TA9 (American standard Gr7) qib
Qib Gr7 yog txhua yam thiab lub cev zoo ib yam rau Qib 2 tshwj tsis yog tias cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke palladium tau ntxiv los ua nws cov hlau. Qib 7 muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws weldability thiab kev ua tau zoo thiab yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws corrosion resistant ntawm tag nrho cov titanium alloys. Qhov tseeb, nws yog qhov feem ntau corrosion-resistant ntawm txo cov acids. Qib 7 yog siv rau cov txheej txheem tshuaj thiab cov khoom siv ntau lawm. Gr7 tsis tshua muaj corrosion-resistant, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv txo acidic ib puag ncig.
TA9-1 (American standard Gr11) qib
Gr11 qib zoo ib yam li Gr1 qib tshwj tsis yog tias ib qho me me ntawm palladium ntxiv los txhim kho corrosion kuj, ua rau nws yog ib qho alloy. Qhov kev tiv thaiv corrosion no tuaj yeem siv los tiv thaiv crevice corrosion thiab txo cov kua qaub hauv chloride ib puag ncig. Lwm cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig muaj xws li kev pom zoo ductility, txias formability, pab lub zog, cuam tshuam toughness thiab zoo weldability. Cov hlau no tuaj yeem siv rau hauv tib daim ntawv thov raws li qib 1 titanium, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov yuav tsum tau muaj corrosion.
Ti 6Al-4V (National standard TC4, American standard Gr5) qib
Ti6Al-4V los yog qib 5 titanium hu ua "workhorse" ntawm titanium alloys thiab yog feem ntau siv ntawm tag nrho cov titanium alloys. Kev suav nyiaj rau 50% ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb kev siv titanium. Nws siv tau nyob rau hauv nws cov txiaj ntsig ntau. Ti6Al-4V tuaj yeem kho cua sov kom nws lub zog. Nws tuaj yeem siv rau ntawm cov qauv welded nrog kev ua haujlwm kub txog li 600 degree F. Cov hlau alloy ua ke muaj zog, lub teeb yuag, zoo formability thiab siab corrosion kuj. Qhov muaj Ti6AI-4V ua rau nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws alloy rau ntau qhov kev lag luam suav nrog aerospace, kev kho mob, marine thiab tshuaj ua lag luam. Nws tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov ntsiab lus technical xws li:

dav hlau turbine
cav qhov chaw
aircraft structural qhov chaw
Aerospace fasteners
Kev ua haujlwm siab automation qhov chaw
Kev siv dej hiav txwv
Khoom siv ncaws pob
Ti 6AL-4V ELI (National standard TC4ELI, American standard Gr23) qib
Ti 6AL-4V ELI lossis Gr23 qib yog daim ntawv purity siab dua ntawm Ti 6Al-4V. Nws tuaj yeem ua rau coils, strands, xaim lossis xaim tiaj tus. Nws yog thawj qhov kev xaiv rau txhua lub sijhawm uas xav tau lub zog siab, lub teeb yuag, zoo corrosion kuj thiab siab toughness. Nws muaj kev puas tsuaj zoo heev rau lwm cov alloys. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo no ua rau qib Gr23 qib siab tshaj plaws kho hniav thiab qib kho mob titanium. Vim nws biocompatibility, zoo qaug zog zog thiab tsis tshua muaj modulus, nws yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv biomedical daim ntaub ntawv xws li implantable Cheebtsam. Nws kuj tseem siv tau rau cov txheej txheem phais kom ntxaws xws li:
Orthopedic kab
Orthopedic pins thiab screws
ligation
nyob rau hauv kev sib koom tes hloov phais
cryogenic ntim
Orthodontic khoom siv
phais implants
pob txha fixation ntaus ntawv
TA10 (American standard Gr12) qib
Gr12 qib titanium alloys tau txais qhov "Zoo heev" kev ntsuam xyuas vim lawv cov khoom zoo weldability. Nws yog ib qho khoom siv ruaj khov uas muab lub zog zoo ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Gr12 qib titanium muaj cov khoom zoo sib xws rau 300 series stainless hlau. Cov hlau tuaj yeem yog kub lossis txias tsim siv xovxwm sib sau, hydroforming, stretch forming los yog poob phaus txoj kev. Nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau ntau txoj hauv kev ua rau nws muaj txiaj ntsig hauv ntau daim ntawv thov. Lub alloy lub siab corrosion kuj tseem ua rau nws invaluable rau manufacturing khoom uas crevice corrosion yog ib qho kev txhawj xeeb. Qib Gr12 tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev lag luam thiab kev siv hauv qab no:
Tsev thiab cua kub exchanger
Kev siv Hydrometallurgical
Kub kub chemical manufacturing
Marine thiab aviation Cheebtsam
Titanium 5Al-2.5Sn
Ti 5Al-2.5Sn yog cov hlau tsis muaj cua sov uas tso cai rau kev weldability zoo thiab ruaj khov. Nws kuj muaj qhov kub thiab txias stability, siab zog, zoo corrosion kuj thiab zoo creep kuj. Creep yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov yas yas uas tshwm sim ntawm qhov kub thiab txias rau lub sijhawm ntev. Ti 5Al-2.5Sn feem ntau yog siv rau hauv dav hlau thiab airframe daim ntawv thov nrog rau cov ntawv thov cryogenic.

Txawm hais tias titanium thiab titanium alloy cov ntaub ntawv muaj ntau nyob rau hauv reserves, lawv kim heev. Qhov no yog vim titanium muaj tshuaj lom neeg tsawg heev nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias, thiab nws cov smelting technology thiab kev khiav hauj lwm ib puag ncig yog hnyav heev. Nws yuav tsum tau smelted nyob rau hauv siab kub thiab lub tshuab nqus tsev tej yam kev mob, thiab qhov kub thiab txias feem ntau nce mus txog 800 degree, uas yog ntau nyuaj rau smelt tshaj hlau. Yog li ntawd, thaum nws los txog rau titanium alloy, tib neeg xav tias nws yog cov khoom siv high-end hlau nrog cov khoom siv qis, tus nqi siab thiab ob peb daim ntawv thov.
Tam sim no, vim muaj cov khoom zoo heev ntawm titanium alloys xws li lub teeb yuag, siab zog, thiab kub tsis kam, titanium thiab titanium alloy cov ntaub ntawv tau dav siv hauv kev tsim riam phom thiab riam phom hauv teb chaws hauv ntau lub teb chaws, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog haum rau siv nyob rau hauv aerospace teb. Piv txwv ntawm thaj chaw thov suav nrog:

kev lag luam tshuaj
⑴ Soda tshauv kev lag luam
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm titanium tub yees hauv kev lag luam alkali ntau lawm tuaj yeem daws qhov teeb meem ntawm cov roj chlorine tsis tsim nyog los ntawm cov txheej txheem cua txias tsis tsim nyog. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tau hloov lub ntsej muag ntawm kev lag luam chlor-alkali. Kev pabcuam lub neej ntawm titanium alloy tub yees tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntev li 20 xyoo.
⑵ Kev lag luam ntsev
Tam sim no, cov txheej txheem ntsev ntau dua yog nqus ntsev ntau lawm. Lub high-temperature concentrated brine uas tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem no yuav ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau cov qauv carbon steel thiab ua rau cov khoom siv los poob. Lub tshuab cua sov thiab evaporation chamber txais yuav cov titanium steel sib xyaw qauv, uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov ntsev nplai thiab txhim kho cov ntsev kom zoo. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tuaj yeem txo qhov corrosion ntawm high-concentration ntsev dej ntawm cov yeeb nkab phab ntsa thaum lub sij hawm evaporation txheej txheem thiab ncua lub voj voog txij nkawm.
Aerospace teb
⑴ Aviation kev lag luam
Daim ntawv thov ntawm titanium alloys nyob rau hauv aviation yog muab faib ua titanium alloys rau aircraft lug thiab titanium alloys rau cav lug. Cov khoom siv tseem ceeb ntawm cov dav hlau titanium alloy cov qauv muaj xws li tsaws iav qhov chaw, thav duab, kab teeb, fuselage tawv, tiv thaiv tshav kub, thiab lwm yam. Lub Lavxias teb sab IL {{0}} aircraft siv lub zog siab BT22 titanium alloy los tsim cov khoom tseem ceeb cov khoom xws li tsaws iav thiab load - load-bearing beam; lub Boeing 747 lub ntsiab tsaws iav kis tau tus mob beam khoom yog Ti-6Al-4V. Lub forging yog 6.20 meters ntev, 0.95 meters dav, thiab muaj ib tug loj ntawm 1,545 kilograms; qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kab rov tav stabilizer ncej ntawm C-17 aircraft yog ua los ntawm high-strength thiab high-toughness Ti-62222S titanium alloy. Nyob rau hauv lub tshuab aerospace, titanium alloys yog siv nyob rau hauv compressor disks, hniav, nruas, high-pressure compressor rotors, compressor casings, thiab lwm yam. Cov ntug thiab cov lus qhia ntawm Boeing 747-8GENX cav kiv cua siv titanium alloy tiv thaiv sheaths, uas tuaj yeem hloov tau peb zaug hauv ib lub sijhawm 10- xyoo ua haujlwm.
⑵Aerospace kev lag luam
Cov xwm txheej ua haujlwm ntawm aerospace tsheb yog qhov hnyav heev. Ntxiv nrog rau cov thev naus laus zis zoo tshaj plaws uas xav tau rau kev tsim qauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, kev ua tau zoo thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv lawv tus kheej kuj tseem ceeb heev. Yog li ntawd, titanium alloys sawv ntawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv. Hais txog cov cuab yeej siv dav hlau, hauv xyoo 1960, ob chav cab thiab airtight cabin tis spars thiab tav ntawm US Apollo program tau ua los ntawm Ti-5Al-2.5Sn, thiab cov hauv ob sab hauv yog ua los ntawm ntshiab titanium; npaj los ntawm German MT Aerospace Tuam Txhab Lub zog siab Ti-15V-3Cr alloy propulsion system roj tank yog siv nyob rau hauv European Alpha kev sib txuas lus satellite loj platform; Lavxias teb sab titanium alloys muaj ntau yam kev siv hauv aerospace engineering. Piv txwv li, lub zog pib lub tsheb siv BT23 titanium alloy loj tuag forgings hnyav 3.5t thiab Forgings. Tsis tas li ntawd, titanium alloys kuj tseem siv rau hauv cov roj tso tsheb hlau luam ntawm cov kua roj foob pob ua ntxaij cav, cryogenic kua cia tank, kua hydrogen hloov twj impellers, thiab lwm yam.
Ib yam li ntawd, nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob sai ntawm domestic aerospace engineering, titanium alloys kuj tau siv dav. Los ntawm Vostok -1 satellite nyob rau hauv 1970 mus rau tam sim no Shenzhou series spacecraft, Chang'e sojntsuam, thiab lwm yam., titanium alloys tau siv. Tsis tas li ntawd, titanium alloys yog siv nyob rau hauv cov kua hydrogen ib puag ncig tsim nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws. Tsawg-kub Ti-5Al-2.5Sn ELI titanium alloy roj thooj voos kheej kheej tau siv nyob rau hauv Lub Peb Hlis Ntuj series ntawm cov tsheb tso tawm; Harbin Institute of Technology siv Gr5 titanium alloy los npaj lunar rover rims; Tsis tas li ntawd, kuv lub teb chaws kuj tseem siv cov titanium alloys uas muaj zog heev xws li BT20 los tsim cov foob pob hluav taws cav thiab cov nozzles Pipes thiab lwm yam khoom.
Nkoj teb
Titanium thiab titanium alloys yog dav siv nyob rau hauv nuclear submarines, sib sib zog nqus submersibles, atomic icebreakers, hydrofoils, hovercrafts, minesweepers, propellers, nplawm antennas, seawater pipelines, condensers, heat exchangers, acoustic devices, fire-sighting equipment, etc. Piv txwv li, American sib sib zog nqus submersible "Haiya" yog txawm peem rau nrog ib tug titanium alloy soj ntsuam alarm thiab tswj alarm, nrog ib tug dhia dej tob txog li 6100m; tag nrho-titanium "Morris Sky 2" speedboat ua ke los ntawm Nyiv lub tuam txhab Toho Titanium thiab Fuji Tshiab Shipbuilding Nws tau nrov heev nyob rau hauv Tebchaws Meskas rau qee lub sijhawm; kuv lub teb chaws tus thawj tus kheej tsim thiab tus kheej-integrated manned submersible, lub "Jiaolong", kuj siv titanium alloy. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm "Jiaolong" npog 99.8% ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub hiav txwv.

Txawm hais tias titanium thiab titanium alloys tau ua tiav tseem ceeb, cov teeb meem uas twb muaj lawm kuj tau tshwm sim, thiab kev txhim kho ntawm titanium alloys kuj ntsib teeb meem loj. Feem ntau xav txog peb yam hauv qab no:
1) Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov zis
Txawm hais tias peb lub teb chaws yog lub teb chaws loj hauv kev lag luam titanium, nws tsis tsim ntau yam khoom zoo thiab muaj tsawg dua cov khoom titanium nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb. Qhov thib ob, kuv lub teb chaws tseem tsis tuaj yeem ua kom ruaj khov-tsim titanium strips thiab titanium extruded profiles, uas txwv tsis pub siv titanium thiab titanium alloys nyob rau hauv aerospace teb. , kev txhim kho thiab kev siv hauv marine thiab lwm yam kev lag luam. Nws tseem yog ib qho nyuaj heev kom ntxiv cov titanium noj aeroengines txog li 50%.
2) Kev ua tau zoo
Vim tias titanium hlau yog cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj zog thiab yooj yim kis los ntawm lwm cov ntsiab lus, kev ua thiab kev tsim tshuab ntawm titanium alloys yog qhov xav tau heev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov khoom lag luam ua tau zoo yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo xav txog lawv cov khoom siv kho tshuab, lub cev, tshuaj thiab cov txheej txheem. Thaum uas twb muaj lawm titanium alloys siab tshaj 600 degree, lawv creep kuj thiab high-temperature oxidation kuj poob sharply, uas yog ob qho teeb meem loj uas txwv qhov nthuav daim ntawv thov ntawm titanium alloys.
3) Tus nqi nam
Tam sim no, ntau lub teb chaws tab tom ua haujlwm hnyav los txo cov nqi thov ntawm titanium alloys thiab tau ua tiav ntau yam. Tab sis txiav txim los ntawm qhov xwm txheej tam sim no hauv peb lub teb chaws, peb lub teb chaws txoj kev tswj hwm thiab kev ua haujlwm tseem tsis tau mus txog qib zoo. Tus nqi ntawm domestic titanium alloy cov khoom yog cov sib tw thoob ntiaj teb. Tsis zoo thiab tsis haum rau kev nthuav dav ntxiv.
Tam sim no, lub ntsiab daim ntawv thov ntawm titanium alloys yog aerospace thiab lwm yam tub rog teb. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm daim ntawv thov tshiab, xws li tsheb, tsheb ciav hlau, kev tsheb ciav hlau ceev thiab pej xeem kev lag luam feem ntau siv hauv lub neej txhua hnub, tseem muaj cov ntawv thov dav dav. Tsis tas li ntawd, hloov cov khoom siv kim kim nrog cov nqi qis thiab txo tus nqi ntawm titanium alloy qhov chaw los ntawm kev siv tshuab yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb fawb titanium alloy yav tom ntej. Tom qab tus nqi qis ntawm titanium alloys rau kev siv high-end tiav lawm yav tom ntej, titanium alloys yuav siv ntau yam.