Cov khoom siv tshuaj thiab lub cev ntawm titanium
Titanium yog ib qho muaj zog thiab lub teeb yuag refractory hlau. Titanium alloys tseem ceeb heev rau kev lag luam aerospace thiab tseem siv rau hauv kev kho mob, tshuaj lom neeg thiab khoom siv tub rog nrog rau cov khoom siv kis las.
Aerospace daim ntawv thov suav rau 80% ntawm kev siv titanium, thaum 20% ntawm cov hlau yog siv rau hauv armor, kho vajtse thiab cov khoom siv.
Titanium khoom
Thaum nws los txog rau cov khoom ntawm titanium, peb tsis tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej nws lub cev tshwj xeeb. Titanium yog cov hlau hnyav nrog qhov ntom ntawm 4.5 grams ib cubic centimeter, muab nws lub zog zoo heev. Qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm lub zog-rau-qhov hnyav ua rau titanium yog cov khoom siv nyob rau hauv aerospace teb thiab txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov dav hlau niaj hnub.
Atomic symbol: Ti
Atomic naj npawb: 22
Element Qeb: Hloov Hlau
Qhov ceev: 4.506 / cm3
Melting point: 3038 ° F (1670 ° C)
Kub taw tes: 5949 degree F (3287 degree)
Mohs hardness: 6
feature
Titanium-muaj alloys paub txog lawv lub zog siab, lub teeb yuag, thiab zoo heev corrosion kuj. Txawm hais tias titanium muaj zog npaum li cov hlau, nws yog li 40% sib dua.
Qhov no, ua ke nrog nws cov kev tiv thaiv rau cavitation (hloov siab ceev uas ua rau lub zog poob siab uas ua rau cov hlau tsis muaj zog los yog ua rau cov hlau tsis muaj zog thaum lub sij hawm) thiab yaig, ua rau nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv hlau rau aerospace engineers.
Titanium kuj tseem tiv taus corrosion los ntawm dej thiab tshuaj lom neeg. Qhov kev tiv thaiv no yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev tsim cov txheej nyias ntawm titanium dioxide (TiO 2) ntawm nws qhov chaw, ua rau cov ntaub ntawv no nyuaj heev rau kev nkag mus.
Titanium muaj qhov qis dua modulus ntawm elasticity. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias titanium hloov tau yooj yim heev thiab tuaj yeem rov qab mus rau nws cov duab qub tom qab khoov. Memory alloys (alloys uas deform thaum txias tab sis rov qab mus rau lawv cov qub zoo thaum rhuab) yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau ntau yam kev siv niaj hnub no.
Titanium yog non-magnetic thiab biocompatible (non-toxic, non-allergenic), uas tau ua rau nws nce kev siv hauv kev kho mob.
keeb kwm
Yuav kom nkag siab txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam ntawm titanium, peb yuav tsum rov qab saib nws keeb kwm. Kev tshawb pom ntawm titanium hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 18th, tab sis nws daim ntawv kev puas tsuaj tsis tau raug cais tawm kom txog rau thaum xyoo pua 20th. Hauv ob peb lub xyoo dhau los, titanium tau maj mam los ua qhov tseem ceeb thiab dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis. Nrog kev nce ntawm kev lag luam aviation, titanium alloys tau dhau los ua qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau cov qauv dav hlau. Lawv lub teeb yuag thiab lub zog muaj zog ua rau lub dav hlau tsis yog tsuas yog siv zog ntau dua, tab sis kuj muaj kev nyab xeeb dua.
Kev siv titanium, nyob rau hauv txhua daim ntawv, tsuas yog tsim tiag tiag tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II. Qhov tseeb, titanium tsis raug cais raws li cov hlau kom txog rau thaum 1910 thaum American chemist Matthew Hunter tsim titanium los ntawm kev txo cov titanium tetrachloride (TiCl 4) nrog sodium; ib txoj kev tam sim no hu ua tus txheej txheem Hunter.
Txawm li cas los xij, kev tsim khoom lag luam tsis tuaj yeem ua tau kom txog thaum xyoo 1930 thaum William Justin Kroll tau pom tias magnesium kuj tuaj yeem siv los txo cov titanium los ntawm chloride. Cov txheej txheem Kroll tseem yog txoj kev siv khoom lag luam ntau tshaj plaws niaj hnub no.
Titanium thawj qhov kev siv loj yog nyob rau hauv cov tub rog dav hlau tom qab tsim cov txheej txheem tsim khoom raug nqi. Lub Soviet Union thiab lub tebchaws United States pib siv titanium alloys nyob rau hauv tub rog aircraft thiab submarines tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1950 thiab 1960s. Los ntawm thaum ntxov 1960s, cov lag luam aircraft manufacturers kuj pib siv titanium alloys.
Kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Swedish tus kws kho mob Per-Ingvar Branemark yos rov qab mus rau xyoo 1950 tau pom tias titanium tsis ua rau lub cev tsis zoo hauv tib neeg lub cev, tso cai rau cov hlau sib xyaw rau hauv peb lub cev. Nws hu ua osseointegration.
Ntau lawm
Titanium yog siv dav siv lub teeb hlau uas nws cov khoom siv feem ntau yog nyob ntawm txoj kev chlorination. Hauv cov txheej txheem no, titanium ore feem ntau hnov mob nrog cov roj chlorine thiab coke los tsim cov titanium chloride, uas tom qab ntawd txo qis rau cov hlau ntshiab titanium los ntawm kev kub siab. Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tshwj xeeb thiab tsis yooj yim no muab peb cov khoom siv titanium uas muaj zog, hnav lub teeb yuag los tsim lub hauv paus rau kev siv hauv ntau qhov chaw.
Txawm hais tias titanium yog plaub feem ntau ntawm cov hlau nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb pob zeb (tom qab txhuas, hlau thiab magnesium), kev tsim cov titanium hlau tsis tshua muaj siab rau cov pa phem, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov pa oxygen, uas yog vim li cas nws txoj kev loj hlob yog qhov tshiab thiab kim heev.
Lub ntsiab ore siv nyob rau hauv thawj titanium ntau lawm yog ilmenite thiab rutile, accounting rau kwv yees li 90% thiab 10% ntawm ntau lawm.
Kev tsim cov ilmenite concentrate nyob rau hauv 2015 yog ze li ntawm 10 lab tons, txawm hais tias tsuas yog ib feem me me (li 5%) ntawm cov ilmenite concentrate uas tsim txhua xyoo yog thaum kawg hloov mus rau titanium hlau. Hloov chaw, feem ntau yog siv los tsim cov titanium dioxide (TiO 2), cov xim pleev xim dawb siv hauv cov xim, khoom noj, tshuaj, thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce.
Hauv thawj kauj ruam ntawm cov txheej txheem Kroll, titanium ore yog crushed thiab rhuab nrog coking thee nyob rau hauv ib tug chlorine cua los tsim titanium tetrachloride (TiCl 4). Tom qab ntawd cov tshuaj chloride raug ntes thiab dhau los ntawm lub condenser, ua cov kua titanium chloride nrog cov purity txog li 99%.
Tom qab ntawd cov titanium tetrachloride yog pub ncaj qha rau hauv lub nkoj uas muaj magnesium molten. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob muaj cov pa paug, ua kom tsis muaj zog los ntawm kev ntxiv argon.
Cov txheej txheem tom qab distillation tuaj yeem siv sijhawm ob peb hnub, thaum lub nkoj tau rhuab mus rau 1832 degree F (1000 degree). Magnesium reacts nrog titanium chloride, tshem tawm cov tshuaj chloride thiab tsim cov titanium thiab magnesium chloride.
Qhov tshwm sim fibrous titanium hu ua daim txhuam cev titanium. Los tsim cov titanium alloys thiab high-purity titanium ingots, electron beam, plasma arc los yog nqus arc melting yuav siv tau los yaj titanium daim txhuam cev nrog ntau yam alloying ntsiab.
siv
Daim ntawv thov ntawm titanium hlau nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm cov khoom kis las yog feem ntau xav txog nyob rau hauv high-end tsheb kauj vab, golf clubs, tennis rackets thiab lwm yam khoom siv. Lub teeb yuag ntawm titanium hlau ua rau cov khoom siv ua kis las hloov tau yooj yim thiab xis nyob, txhim kho qib kev sib tw ntawm cov neeg ncaws pob.
Titanium hlau yog dav siv nyob rau hauv aerospace, automotive kev lag luam, khoom kho mob, tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam, electronics thiab cov khoom ua si nawv thiab lwm yam teb. Nrog rau kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv thiab kev nce qib ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis thiab kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis, daim ntawv thov kev lag luam ntawm titanium hlau yuav txuas ntxiv nthuav dav. Cov khoom zoo heev thiab ntau yam ntawm titanium hlau ua rau nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv engineering niaj hnub.
〔 Quote 〕Tswb, Terence. "Properties thiab Properties of Titanium." ThoughtCo, 4 Plaub Hlis Ntuj 2023, thinkco.com/metal-profile-titanium-2340158.
