Lub cev thiab tshuaj muaj zog ntawm titanium

Titanium yog cov xim dawb-dawb hloov hlau nrog qhov ntom ntawm 4.54g / cm³, uas yog li 40% sib dua li hlau, tab sis muaj zog piv rau cov hlau. Lub teeb thiab lub zog muaj zog no ua rau titanium dav siv hauv txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub neej. Yog li, dab tsi yog lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm titanium?

1. Atomic qauv ntawm titanium
Ua ntej, cia peb saib cov qauv atomic ntawm titanium. Titanium nyob rau hauv pawg IVB ntawm lub sij hawm lub sij hawm, nrog ib tug atomic tooj ntawm 22. Lub nucleus muaj 22 protons thiab 20-32 neutrons, thiab cov extranuclear electron qauv yog teem raws li 1S22S22P63S23D24S2. Nucleus radius yog 5x{11}} cm. Cov qauv atomic tshwj xeeb no muab titanium tshwj xeeb lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg.

2. Lub cev muaj zog ntawm titanium
Qhov ceev ntawm titanium yog 4. 0 kcal/g atom, lub boiling point yog 3260± 20 degree, lub latent cua sov ntawm vaporization yog 102.{13}}.5 kcal/g atom, qhov tseem ceeb kub yog 4350 degree , thiab lub siab tseem ceeb yog 1130 atmospheres. Lub thermal conductivity thiab hluav taws xob conductivity ntawm titanium tsis zoo, zoo ib yam li los yog me ntsis qis dua stainless hlau. Titanium muaj superconductivity, thiab lub superconducting tseem ceeb kub ntawm ntshiab titanium yog 0.{18}}.4K. Ntawm 25 degree, lub peev xwm kub ntawm titanium yog 0.126 cal / g atom·degree, lub thermal enthalpy yog 1149 cal / g atom, thiab cov entropy yog 7.33 cal / g atom·degree. Metallic titanium yog ib yam khoom paramagnetic nrog magnetic permeability ntawm 1.00004.
Titanium muaj plasticity. Lub elongation ntawm high-purity titanium tuaj yeem ncav cuag 50-60%, thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov shrinkage tuaj yeem ncav cuag 70-80%, tab sis nws lub zog tsawg thiab nws tsis haum rau cov khoom siv. Lub xub ntiag ntawm impurities hauv titanium muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau nws cov khoom siv kho tshuab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov impurities interstitial (oxygen, nitrogen, carbon) tuaj yeem ua kom lub zog ntawm titanium thiab txo nws cov plasticity. Cov khoom zoo ntawm titanium raws li cov khoom siv tau ua tiav los ntawm kev tswj hwm cov ntsiab lus tsis huv uas tsim nyog thiab ntxiv cov ntsiab lus alloying.

3. Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm titanium
Titanium tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog ntau lub ntsiab lus thiab cov khoom sib txuas ntawm qhov kub siab dua. Ntau lub ntsiab lus tuaj yeem muab faib ua plaub pawg raws li lawv cov kev sib txawv nrog titanium:
Qeb 1: Halogens thiab cov pa oxygen pawg tsim cov khoom sib txuas thiab ionic nrog titanium;
Qeb 2: Kev hloov pauv cov ntsiab lus, hydrogen, beryllium, boron pawg, pawg carbon thiab nitrogen pawg cov ntsiab lus tsim cov sib txuas sib txuas thiab txwv cov kev daws teeb meem nrog titanium;
Qeb 3: Zirconium, hafnium, pawg vanadium, pawg chromium, scandium ntsiab tsim unlimited khoom daws nrog titanium;
Qeb 4: Inert gases, alkali hlau, alkaline ntiaj teb hlau, tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb cov ntsiab lus (tshwj tsis yog scandium), actinium, thorium, thiab lwm yam. tsis hnov ​​​​mob nrog titanium los yog tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim.

4. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov tebchaw:
HF thiab fluoride
Hydrogen fluoride gas reacts nrog titanium los ua TiF4 thaum rhuab, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mis yog (1); Cov kua dej uas tsis yog-aqueous hydrogen fluoride tuaj yeem tsim cov titanium tetrafluoride zaj duab xis ntom ntom ntawm titanium, uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv HF los ntawm kev nkag mus rau sab hauv ntawm titanium. Hydrofluoric acid yog qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws rau titanium. Txawm tias hydrofluoric acid nrog ib qho concentration ntawm 1% tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​mob hnyav nrog titanium; Cov tshuaj fluoride anhydrous thiab lawv cov tshuaj aqueous tsis hnov ​​​​mob nrog titanium ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, thiab tsuas yog cov fluorides molten reacts nrog titanium ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.
Ti＋4HF＝TiF4＋2H2＋135.0 kcal (1) 2Ti＋6HF＝2TiF4＋3H2

HCl thiab chlorides
Hydrogen chloride gas can corrode metal titanium. Dry hydrogen chloride reacts with titanium at >300 degree rau daim ntawv TiCl4, saib cov mis (3); hydrochloric acid nrog ib tug concentration ntawm<5% does not react with titanium at room temperature, and 20% hydrochloric acid reacts with titanium at room temperature to form purple TiCl3, see formula (4); when the temperature rises, even dilute hydrochloric acid can corrode titanium. Various anhydrous chlorides, such as magnesium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, mercury, tin, calcium, sodium, barium and NH4 ions and their aqueous solutions, do not react with titanium. Titanium has good stability in these chlorides.
Ti＋4HCl＝TiCl4＋2H2＋94.75kcal (3)2Ti＋6HCl＝TiCl3＋3H2 (4)

sulfuric acid thiab hydrogen sulfide
Tom qab titanium reacts nrog dilute sulfuric acid<5%, a protective oxide film is formed on the titanium surface, which can protect titanium from further corrosion by dilute acid. However, sulfuric acid >5% muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem ceeb nrog titanium. Nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, txog 40% sulfuric acid muaj qhov ceev tshaj corrosion ntawm titanium. Thaum cov concentration ntau dua 40% thiab nce mus txog 60%, tus nqi corrosion qeeb thiab nce mus txog qhov ceev tshaj plaws ntawm 80%. Rhaub dilute acid los yog 50% concentrated sulfuric acid tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​mob nrog titanium los ua titanium sulfate, saib cov mis (5), (6). Thaum tshav kub kub concentrated sulfuric acid tuaj yeem txo los ntawm titanium los ua SO2, saib cov mis (7). Nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, titanium reacts nrog hydrogen sulfide los tsim ib tug tiv thaiv zaj duab xis ntawm nws nto, uas yuav tiv thaiv tau ntxiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm hydrogen sulfide thiab titanium. Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, hydrogen sulfide reacts nrog titanium rau precipitate hydrogen, raws li qhia hauv mis (8). Powdered titanium pib hnov ​​​​mob nrog hydrogen sulfide ntawm 600 degree los tsim titanium sulfide. Ntawm 900 degree, cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv feem ntau yog TiS, thiab ntawm 1200 degree, nws yog Ti2S3.
Ti＋H2SO4＝TiSO4＋H2(5) 2Ti＋3H2SO4＝Ti2(SO4)3＋H2 (6)
2 Ti＋6H2SO4＝Ti2(SO4)3＋3SO2＋6H2O＋202 kcal (7)Ti＋H2S＝TiS＋H2＋70 kcal (8)

Nitric acid thiab aqua regia
Tuab thiab du titanium muaj qhov ruaj khov rau nitric acid, vim tias nitric acid tuaj yeem ua rau muaj cov duab roj titanium, tab sis cov tshuaj pleev xim rau cov khoom noj muaj zog, tab sis kub huv si thiab kub (9), (10), thiab concentrated nitric acid saum 70 degree kuj tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​mob nrog titanium, saib mis (11); Nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, titanium tsis hnov ​​​​mob nrog aqua regia. Ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, titanium tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​mob nrog aqua regia los ua TiCl2.
3 Ti＋4HNO3＋4H2O＝3H4TiO4＋4NO(9)3Ti＋4HNO3＋H2O＝3H2TiO3＋4NO (10)
Ti 8HNO3 Ti(NO3) 4 + 4NO2 4H2O (11)

Hauv cov ntsiab lus, cov khoom ntawm titanium yog ze ze rau qhov kub, nws daim ntawv uas twb muaj lawm thiab purity. Tuab cov hlau titanium yog qhov ruaj khov nyob rau hauv qhov, tab sis hmoov titanium tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev sib txuas hauv huab cua. Lub xub ntiag ntawm impurities nyob rau hauv titanium ho cuam tshuam lub cev, tshuaj, mechanical thiab corrosion kuj ntawm titanium. Tshwj xeeb, qee qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov titanium lattice thiab cuam tshuam rau ntau yam khoom ntawm titanium. Nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, tshuaj lom neeg kev ua si ntawm titanium yog heev me me thiab muaj peev xwm hnov ​​nrog ob peb yam khoom xws li hydrofluoric acid, tab sis cov kev ua ntawm titanium nce sai heev thaum kub nce, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv high kub, titanium tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​mob hnyav nrog ntau yam khoom. Cov txheej txheem smelting ntawm titanium feem ntau yog ua los ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj 800 degree, yog li nws yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev lossis nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv ntawm ib qho chaw inert.