Puas yog titanium alloy yog qhov chaw hlau?
Hauv tib neeg txoj kev taug kev ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav lub ntiaj teb, cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb yeej ib txwm yog lub hauv paus tsav tsheb tom qab kev nce qib ntawm aerospace technology. Raws li lub foob pob hluav taws tho lub ntuj, satellites orbit lub ntiaj teb, thiab lub dav hlau mus hla qhov chaw interstellar, cov khoom siv hu ua "qhov chaw hlau" -titanium alloy- ntsiag to txhawb txhua qhov chaw ua yeeb yam nrog nws qhov kev ua tau zoo tshaj. Los ntawm lub ntiaj teb mus rau qhov chaw sib sib zog nqus, titanium alloys, nrog lawv cov physicochemical zog, tau dhau los ua cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim khoom siv dav hlau, sau tib neeg cov lus dab neeg hlau ntawm kev kov yeej lub ntiaj teb.
Lub "chaw gene" ntawm titanium alloys stems los ntawm lawv qhov zoo ntawm lub teeb yuag. Cov titanium no-raws li cov khoom siv alloy muaj tsuas yog 60% qhov ntom ntawm cov hlau, tseem muaj lub zog siab dua li ntau cov qauv hlau alloy. Nyob rau hauv lub tshav dav hlau, piv txwv li, txhua txhua 10% txo nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm aircraft yuav txuag tau 4% roj, thiab daim ntawv thov ntawm titanium alloys yog lub ntsiab txhais tau tias kom ua tiav lub hom phiaj no. Lub US thib tsib - tiam fighter dav hlau F-22 siv txog li 41% titanium alloy, thiab SR-71 "Blackbird" reconnaissance aircraft, uas siv titanium tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm, mus txog 93%. Cov duab no vividly qhia txog lub luag haujlwm txiav txim siab ntawm titanium alloys hauv kev txo qhov hnyav ntawm lub dav hlau. Thaum lub dav hlau yuav tsum tau tawg tawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub gravitational rub, lub teeb yuag ntawm titanium alloys ncaj qha txhais mus rau hauv qhov ntev, kev them nyiaj ntau dua, thiab qis dua cov nqi xa tawm, ua rau lawv "cov kws tshaj lij txo qis" rau tib neeg qhov chaw tshawb nrhiav.
Ob lub zog ntawm siab -kub tsis kam thiab corrosion kuj ua rau titanium alloys ua "cov ntaub thaiv npog" rau lub dav hlau tiv thaiv huab cua. Hauv aero- cav, titanium alloys yuav tsum tiv taus kev ntxhov siab loj ntawm qhov kub ntawm 300-650 degree, nthuav tawm kev tawm tsam thiab oxidation tsis kam tshaj li ntawm cov khoom siv niaj hnub. Cov casings ntawm US thawj-theem foob pob hluav taws cav siv dav siv Ti-6Al-4V alloys, uas tswj cov qauv kev ruaj ntseg ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, ua kom ntseeg tau qhov kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws. Hais txog corrosion kuj, lub electrode muaj peev xwm sib piv ntawm titanium alloys thiab carbon fiber composites zoo tiv thaiv electrochemical corrosion, ncua lub neej ntawm spacecraft nyob rau hauv hnyav qhov chaw ib puag ncig. Piv txwv li, lub plhaub siab ntawm Apollo lunar module lub qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob ntawm lub cav combustion chamber yog ua los ntawm titanium alloy, ua tiav nrog kev ntsuas huab cua ntawm lub hli diurnal kub variation ntawm 300 degree.
Qhov "qhov chaw yoog tau" ntawm titanium alloys kuj tau tshwm sim hauv lawv qhov kev ua tau zoo heev qis - kub. Nyob rau hauv lub zero - tsis muaj tseeb ntawm qhov chaw sib sib zog nqus, cov hlau zoo tib yam ua tsis tau vim cryogenic embrittlement, thaum titanium alloys tuav zoo heev ductility. TA7 titanium alloy, nrog nws cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam cov ntsiab lus, khaws qee qhov ductility txawm tias nyob ntawm -253 degree, ua rau nws yog ib qho khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws rau kev tsim cov kua hydrogen roj tso tsheb hlau luam. Lub siab chamber ntawm Mercury spacecraft thiab sealing qauv ntawm Gemini spacecraft yog ob qho tib si ua los ntawm titanium alloys, kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm manned spacecraft nyob rau hauv ultra-tsawg kub ib puag ncig. Qhov no "qhov txias dua nws tau txais, qhov hnyav dua nws ua" tus yam ntxwv ua rau titanium alloys "cryogenic tus neeg saib xyuas" ntawm tib neeg kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm qhov chaw sib sib zog nqus.
Los ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws cav mus rau cov qauv satellite, los ntawm cov neeg tsav dav hlau mus rau qhov chaw sib sib zog nqus, titanium alloys yog siv nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub dav hlau. Lub cav txhawb nqa ntawm SpaceX's Starship spacecraft siv ceramic particle-cov khoom siv titanium-raws li cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw, txo qhov hnyav los ntawm 40% thaum tuav lub zog; Tuam Tshoj tus tsim gradient titanium-raws li cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov ntsuas kub ntawm -180℃mus rau 1000℃ntawm tib lub ntsiab lus, ua kom haum rau qhov chaw huab cua. Cov ntawv thov tshiab no tsis yog tsuas yog ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv kev siv thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov cemented titanium alloy lub koob npe nrov li "qhov chaw hlau."
Los ntawm lub ntiaj teb mus rau lub hnub qub, titanium alloys, nrog lawv cov lus tshwj xeeb yog xim hlau, sau ib zaj dab neeg zoo kawg nkaus ntawm tib neeg txoj kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Nws tsis yog tsuas yog "tus tswv sib sib zog nqus" txhawm rau txo qhov hnyav ntawm lub dav hlau tab sis kuj yog "tus kws tshaj lij kev tiv thaiv" tiv thaiv ib puag ncig huab cua thiab "cryogenic tus neeg saib xyuas" rau kev tshawb nrhiav qhov tob tob. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, nrog rau kev siv dav dav ntawm kev tsim cov thev naus laus zis xws li 3D luam ntawv, kev siv cov titanium alloys yuav dhau los ua ntau dua, thiab cov nqi yuav txo qis dua. Thaum tib neeg ib zaug ntsia ntawm lub hnub qub, ntawm cov dav hlau uas hla lub cosmos, titanium alloys tseem yuav ci ntsa iab nrog qhov tshwj xeeb ci ntsa iab ntawm "qhov chaw hlau," txhawb tib neeg txoj kev npau suav mus ib txhis ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav lub ntiaj teb.
